Multilingualism on Constitution Day

The Preamble
Source: Wikipedia

November 26th is Constitution Day in India, commemorating the day in 1949 when the Constituent Assembly formally adopted the Constitution of India. In 2023, three welcome language-related items caught the eye. The first was a speech made by the Indian President, Droupadi Murmu. The second, the launch of a bilingual edition of the Constitution. The third was the publication of a multilingual e-book of landmark decisions of India's Supreme Court.

First, speaking on the occasion (PDF), President Murmu noted that cost is the most significant barrier in making justice accessible to all. However, she went on to add,

Then, there are other barriers too. For example, language, which is beyond the comprehension of a majority of citizens. I feel reassured by the recent steps taken by the Supreme Court to make the verdicts available in various Indian languages. The live webcast of court proceedings too will go a long way in making citizens true stakeholders of the judicial system.

Second, Constitution Day saw the launch of what news reports called a "diglot" (i. e., bilingual) edition of the Constitution – in English and Manipuri. This edition is in the Meetei Mayek script; the previous edition (2019; PDF) was in the Bengali script. (Oddly, the Constitution has been translated into only a few of the 22 Official Languages of India! Evidently, law students from all other languages rely on these translations or on summaries in their own languages.)

Third, connecting to the President's call, Constitution Day saw the translations of an e-book, Illustrated Cases of the Supreme Court of India, into Bengali, Hindi, Malayalam, Marathi, and Urdu (all PDFs). The book, first published in English in 2018, aims "to democratize access to legal information. It attempts to ensure that the understanding of the landmark decisions are accessible to a broader audience, breaking down language barriers."

The Hindi translation
Source: Manupatra

The language of the English version and its Hindi translation are indeed accessible. For each case, the document presents the facts, questions of law, and the decision. The Hindi translation uses a familiar Hindustani – including Urdu words, rather than only a difficult Sanskrit-derived vocabulary. Further, with relatively unfamiliar Hindi legal terms, the authors have often included the English equivalent in parenthesis. This lays the groundwork for developing a widely available “legal discourse” in our languages. See, for example, the 2012 case related to Right to Education, “Society for Unaided Private Schools of Rajasthan vs. Union of India” (p. 134), and its Hindi version (p. 154).

The infographics in the book are colourful, uncluttered, and informative. All these under-200-page e-books are freely downloadable from Manupatra Academy. One hopes that this book will soon be available (at least!) in all of the country’s official languages.

Laudable initiatives like these are necessary in a multilingual democracy like ours. It should be added that they are useful not only for legal activists and NGOs. Such material is very useful in India’s education system too, where there are deep inequalities: some groups and regions get a good education; many do not. In secondary schools and colleges such high quality, accessible summaries can supplement translations of the original documents. The educational use of such material will facilitate critical engagement with complex arguments. But that is a theme for another post!

Meanwhile, the publication of such accessible summaries in multiple languages is a welcome development. As President Murmu noted, “The cause of justice is best served by making it accessible for all. This also strengthens equality.”

(This post also appears in the section "Faculty Perspectives" on the Azim Premji University website.)

Orwell's 1984 -- 75 years later

Nineteen Eighty-Four
in Esperanto (Tr. Donald
Broadribb), 2012
Source: Amazon.in

On 27 October 2023, I gave a talk on the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) by George Orwell (1903-1950). (The novel was finished in December 1948 but published only in June 1949.) The online presentation was at the weekly session of the joint meeting of the London Esperanto Club and La Verda Stelo, the Antwerp Esperanto club. You can watch the talk on the London Esperanto Club's YouTube channel: "Mil naŭcent okdek kvar : 75 jarojn poste" ("Nineteen Eighty-Four : 75 years later").

But how to present a book as famous as this?! This dystopian classic is already in several lists of "100 best novels" -- from Time and Le Monde, to BBC, and Modern Library. It is the third most frequently borrowed book in the New York Public Library! There are dozens of editions and translations (about 70!) of the novel. To say nothing of the many adaptations in radio, theater, television, film, and comic books. And on this one book there are articles in 93 Wikipedias!

Our strategy was to present first, the author; second, the plot of the novel; third, a bit about the world of 1984 -- the "storyverse"; and fourth, some important themes of the novel to understand its current relevance.

Orwell in 1943.
Source: Wikipedia

From Orwell's life we sifted through some facts to show that, in sum, here was a man who strongly hated imperialism, colonialism, and dictatorship; who was almost "obsessive" about poverty, a life of misery, and social inequality; and who passionately supported freedom, justice, and "common decency". Also important for us Esperantists is the fact that his aunt Nellie Limouzin lived in Paris with her partner (and later husband), Eugène Lanti, the founder of World Anational Association -- SAT! This introduction to Esperanto apparently played a role in the creation of Newspeak in 1984.

The 70 (!) or so listeners needed reminding about the plot (alert: including spoilers!) because most of them had read the novel ages ago -- often only during their school years! They only vaguely remembered the contents. Here, for example, is the sad, final paragraph of the novel:

He gazed up at the enormous face. Forty years It had taken him to learn what kind of smile was hidden beneath the dark moustache. O cruel, needless misunderstanding! O stubborn, self-willed exile from the loving breast! Two gin-scented tears trickled down the sides of his nose. But it was all right, everything was all right, the struggle was finished. He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother. (p. 209)

BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU!
From the film 1984 (1984). Source: IMDB

But the audience knew quite well several of the key words from the novel! The mysterious, menacing "Big Brother" who is "WATCHING YOU". His "Thought Police" with its mass surveillance to catch "thought crimes". The "re-education" of these "thought criminals". And the "doublethink" that makes possible the Party's three slogans -- always in capitals:

WAR IS PEACE

FREEDOM IS SLAVERY

IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH

Here's the mind-bending definition of doublethink:

Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them.... To tell deliberate lies while genuinely believing in them, to forget any fact that has become inconvenient, and then, when it becomes necessary again, to draw it back from oblivion for just so long as it is needed.... Even in using the word doublethink it is necessary to exercise doublethink. For by using the word one admits that one is tampering with reality; by a fresh act of doublethink one erases this knowledge; and so on indefinitely, with the lie always one leap ahead of the truth. (p. 149)

Perpetual war: Here are the
"superpowers" in 1984. Source: Wikipedia

And so we turned to some of the main themes of the novel:

• Extreme nationalism - "Two Minutes of Hate" against the current enemy
• Poverty and inequality - "In the long run, a hierarchical society was only possible on a basis of poverty and ignorance." (p. 133)
• Perpetual war - "War is a way of shattering to pieces, or pouring into the stratosphere, or sinking in the depths of the sea, materials which might otherwise be used to make the masses too comfortable, and hence, in the long run, too intelligent." (p. 133)
• Changeable history - "All history was a palimpsest, scraped clean and reinscribed exactly as often as was necessary." (p. 28)
• Surveillance - "There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment." (p. 2)
• Censorship – “Withers, however, was already an unperson. He did not exist: he had never existed.” (p. 31)
• The future - "If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face -- for ever." (p. 188)

And we also talked about Newspeak, the language that makes this kind of world possible. This is Syme, a "comrade" of the protagonist Winston Smith, and a collaborator on the "Eleventh Edition" of Newspeak Dictionary:

We're getting the language into its final shape -- the shape it's going to have when nobody speaks anything else. When we've finished with it, people like you will have to learn it all over again. You think, I dare say, that our chief job is inventing new words. But not a bit of it! We're destroying words -- scores of them, hundreds of them, every day. We're cutting the language down to the bone. The Eleventh Edition won't contain a single word that will become obsolete before the year 2050. (p. 35)

And here is the influence of the Esperanto-speaking Parisian relatives (Nellie and Lanti):

Take "good", for instance. If you have a word like "good", what need is there for a word like "bad"? "Ungood" will do just as well -- better, because it's an exact opposite, which the other is not. Or again, if you want a stronger version of "good", what sense is there in having a whole string of vague useless words like "excellent" and "splendid" and all the rest of them? "Plusgood" covers the meaning, or " doubleplusgood" if you want something stronger still. (p. 35) 

In the lively discussion after the talk, a friend pointed out that Newspeak owed as much, in fact, to Basic English -- that simplified, basic form of the English language. Orwell strongly supported Basic English, but was also fully aware of its potential to limit the scope of thought.

As Syme declares darkly, “It is beautiful to destroy words.” (p. 38)